**Slow cinema** is a genre of [art cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_cinema "Art cinema") characterised by a style that is [minimalist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist "Minimalist"), observational, and with little or no [narrative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative "Narrative"), and which typically emphasizes [long takes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_take "Long take").[^1] [^2] It is sometimes called **contemplative cinema**.[^3] ## History Practitioners of the genre include [Andrei Tarkovsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky "Andrei Tarkovsky"), [Michelangelo Antonioni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni "Michelangelo Antonioni"), [Robert Bresson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson "Robert Bresson"), [Franco Piavoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Piavoli "Franco Piavoli"), [Philippe Garrel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Garrel "Philippe Garrel"), [Aleksandr Sokurov](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Sokurov "Aleksandr Sokurov"), [Béla Tarr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Tarr "Béla Tarr"), [Chantal Akerman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantal_Akerman "Chantal Akerman"), [Theo Angelopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos "Theo Angelopoulos"), [Abbas Kiarostami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami "Abbas Kiarostami"), [Marguerite Duras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Duras "Marguerite Duras"), [Victor Erice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Erice "Victor Erice"), [Manoel de Oliveira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira "Manoel de Oliveira"), [Ermanno Olmi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi "Ermanno Olmi"), [Bernardo Bertolucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci "Bernardo Bertolucci"), [Lav Diaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Diaz "Lav Diaz"), [Pedro Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Costa "Pedro Costa"), [Tsai Ming-liang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ming-liang "Tsai Ming-liang"), [Carlos Reygadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reygadas "Carlos Reygadas"), [Sharunas Bartas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharunas_Bartas "Sharunas Bartas"), [Sergei Loznitsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Loznitsa "Sergei Loznitsa"), [Hirokazu Koreeda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirokazu_Koreeda "Hirokazu Koreeda") and [Naomi Kawase](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Kawase "Naomi Kawase").[^4] [^5] Greek director [Theo Angelopoulos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Angelopoulos "Theo Angelopoulos") has been called an "icon of the so-called Slow Cinema movement".[^6] Examples of the style include [Ben Rivers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Rivers "Ben Rivers") 's *[Two Years at Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Years_at_Sea "Two Years at Sea")*, [Michelangelo Frammartino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Frammartino "Michelangelo Frammartino") 's *[Le Quattro Volte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Quattro_Volte "Le Quattro Volte")*, and [Shaun Wilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Wilson "Shaun Wilson") 's *51 Paintings*.[^2] [^7] [^8] Recent underground film movements such as [Remodernist film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remodernist_film "Remodernist film") share the sensibility of slow or contemplative cinema. [G. Aravindan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Aravindan "G. Aravindan") was a filmmaker whose works such as *[Kanchana Sita](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchana_Sita "Kanchana Sita")*, *[Thampu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thampu "Thampu")* and *[Esthappan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthappan "Esthappan")* have been regarded as embodying a uniquely original style of contemplative cinema where the aesthetic sensibility and philosophical insights of Indian culture could find a meditative mode of expression within more universal contexts of [humanism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanism "Humanism") and [transcendentalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism "Transcendentalism").[^9] [^5] [^10] The [AV Festival](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AV_Festival "AV Festival") held a Slow Cinema Weekend at the Star and Shadow Cinema in [Newcastle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne "Newcastle upon Tyne") in March 2012, including the films of Rivers, [Lav Diaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Diaz "Lav Diaz"), [Lisandro Alonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisandro_Alonso "Lisandro Alonso") and [Fred Kelemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kelemen "Fred Kelemen").[^1] [^7] [^11] [^8] Recent examples of slow cinema include films by [Kelly Reichardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Reichardt "Kelly Reichardt"), [Bruno Dumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Dumont "Bruno Dumont"), [Lucrecia Martel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrecia_Martel "Lucrecia Martel"), [Albert Serra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Serra "Albert Serra"), [Apichatpong Weerasethakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apichatpong_Weerasethakul "Apichatpong Weerasethakul"), [Bas Devos](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bas_Devos&action=edit&redlink=1 "Bas Devos (page does not exist)"), [Jia Zhangke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Zhangke "Jia Zhangke"), [Roy Andersson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Andersson "Roy Andersson"), [Ulrich Seidl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Seidl "Ulrich Seidl"), [Kim Ki-duk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk "Kim Ki-duk"), [Aki Kaurismaki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aki_Kaurismaki "Aki Kaurismaki"), [Pablo Stoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Stoll "Pablo Stoll"), [Hou Hsiao-hsien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hou_Hsiao-hsien "Hou Hsiao-hsien"), [Edward Yang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Yang "Edward Yang"), [Tsai Ming-Liang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsai_Ming-Liang "Tsai Ming-Liang"), [Lav Diaz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lav_Diaz "Lav Diaz"), [Sergei Loznitsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Loznitsa "Sergei Loznitsa"), [Carlos Reygadas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Reygadas "Carlos Reygadas"), [Vimukthi Jayasundara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vimukthi_Jayasundara "Vimukthi Jayasundara"), [Semih Kaplanoglu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semih_Kaplanoglu "Semih Kaplanoglu"), [Benedek Fliegauf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedek_Fliegauf "Benedek Fliegauf"), [Amat Escalante](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amat_Escalante "Amat Escalante"), [Lisandro Alonso](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisandro_Alonso "Lisandro Alonso"), [Kim Ki-duk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Ki-duk "Kim Ki-duk"), [Leos Carax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leos_Carax "Leos Carax"), [Claire Denis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Denis "Claire Denis"), [Nuri Bilge Ceylan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_Bilge_Ceylan "Nuri Bilge Ceylan"), [Fernando Eimbcke](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Eimbcke "Fernando Eimbcke"), [Sharunas Bartas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharunas_Bartas "Sharunas Bartas"), [Scott Barley](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Barley "Scott Barley"), [Pedro Costa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Costa "Pedro Costa"), [Nicolás Pereda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Pereda "Nicolás Pereda"), [Fred Kelemen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kelemen "Fred Kelemen"), and [Anocha Suwichakornpong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anocha_Suwichakornpong "Anocha Suwichakornpong").[^12] [^13] [^14] ## Examples - *[Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Dames_du_Bois_de_Boulogne "Les Dames du Bois de Boulogne")* (1945) - *[A Man Escaped](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Escaped "A Man Escaped")* (1956) - *[Pickpocket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickpocket_\(film\) "Pickpocket (film)")* (1959) - *[L'Avventura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Avventura "L'Avventura")* (1960) - *[La Notte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Notte "La Notte")* (1961) - *[Ivan's Childhood](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%27s_Childhood "Ivan's Childhood")* (1962) - *[L'Eclisse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Eclisse "L'Eclisse")* (1962) - *[The Trial of Joan of Arc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc "The Trial of Joan of Arc")* (1962) - *[Red Desert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Desert_\(film\) "Red Desert (film)")* (1964) - *[Andrei Rublev](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Rublev_\(film\) "Andrei Rublev (film)")* (1966) - *[Au hasard Balthazar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_hasard_Balthazar "Au hasard Balthazar")* (1966) - *[Blowup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowup "Blowup")* (1966) - *[Mouchette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouchette "Mouchette")* (1967) - *[Zabriskie Point](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabriskie_Point_\(film\) "Zabriskie Point (film)")* (1970) - *[Solaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_\(1972_film\) "Solaris (1972 film)")* (1972) - *[Jeanne Dielman, 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Dielman,_23,_quai_du_Commerce,_1080_Bruxelles "Jeanne Dielman, 23, quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles")* (1975) - *[The Passenger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passenger_\(1975_film\) "The Passenger (1975 film)")* (1975) - *[Mirror](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_\(1975_film\) "Mirror (1975 film)")* (1975) - *[The Psychotronic Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Psychotronic_Man "The Psychotronic Man")* (1979) [^15] - *[Stalker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalker_\(1979_film\) "Stalker (1979 film)")* (1979) - *[L'Argent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Argent_\(1983_film\) "L'Argent (1983 film)")* (1983) - *[Nostalghia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalghia "Nostalghia")* (1983) - *[The Time to Live and the Time to Die](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_to_Live_and_the_Time_to_Die "The Time to Live and the Time to Die")* (1985) - *[The Sacrifice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrifice_\(1986_film\) "The Sacrifice (1986 film)")* (1986) - *[Terrorizers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorizers "Terrorizers")* (1986) - *[The Lonely Voice of Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lonely_Voice_of_Man "The Lonely Voice of Man")* (1987) - *[Kárhozat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rhozat "Kárhozat")* (1988) - *[Landscape in the Mist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_in_the_Mist "Landscape in the Mist")* (1988) - *[A Brighter Summer Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brighter_Summer_Day "A Brighter Summer Day")* (1991) - *[Sátántangó](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1t%C3%A1ntang%C3%B3 "Sátántangó")* (1994) [^16] - *[A Couch in New York](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Couch_in_New_York "A Couch in New York")* (1996) - *[The River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_\(1997_film\) "The River (1997 film)")* (1997) - *[Taste of Cherry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste_of_Cherry "Taste of Cherry")* (1997) - *[Eternity and a Day](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternity_and_a_Day "Eternity and a Day")* (1998) - *[The Isle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isle "The Isle")* (2000) - *[Yi Yi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_Yi "Yi Yi")* (2000) - *[In Vanda's Room](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Vanda%27s_Room "In Vanda's Room")* (2000) - *[Werckmeister Harmonies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werckmeister_Harmonies "Werckmeister Harmonies")* (2000) [^17] - *[What Time Is It There?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Time_Is_It_There%3F "What Time Is It There?")* (2001) - *[Russian Ark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Ark "Russian Ark")* (2002) - *[Uzak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzak "Uzak")* (2002) - *[Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring,_Summer,_Fall,_Winter..._and_Spring "Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring")* (2003) - *[Goodbye Dragon Inn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye,_Dragon_Inn "Goodbye, Dragon Inn")* (2003) [^17] - *[Evolution of a Filipino Family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_a_Filipino_Family "Evolution of a Filipino Family")* (2004) - *[Colossal Youth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossal_Youth_\(film\) "Colossal Youth (film)")* (2006) [^18] - *[Still Life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_\(2006_film\) "Still Life (2006 film)")* (2006) - *[Syndromes and a Century](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndromes_and_a_Century "Syndromes and a Century")* (2006) [^18] - *[Silent Light](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Light "Silent Light")* (2007) - *[The Man from London](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_London "The Man from London")* (2007) - *[Melancholia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia_\(2008_film\) "Melancholia (2008 film)")* (2008) - *[Wendy and Lucy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_and_Lucy "Wendy and Lucy")* (2008) [^18] - *[Once Upon a Time in Anatolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Anatolia "Once Upon a Time in Anatolia")* (2011) [^18] - *[The Turin Horse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turin_Horse "The Turin Horse")* (2011) - *[Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Boonmee_Who_Can_Recall_His_Past_Lives "Uncle Boonmee Who Can Recall His Past Lives")* (2011) - *[Post Tenebras Lux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Tenebras_Lux_\(film\) "Post Tenebras Lux (film)")* (2012) - *[Norte, the End of History](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte,_the_End_of_History "Norte, the End of History")* (2013) [^18] - *[Stray Dogs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stray_Dogs_\(2013_film\) "Stray Dogs (2013 film)")* (2013) - *[From What Is Before](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_What_Is_Before "From What Is Before")* (2014) - *[Horse Money](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_Money "Horse Money")* (2014) - *[Cemetery of Splendour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery_of_Splendour "Cemetery of Splendour")* (2015) - *[The Woman Who Left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woman_Who_Left "The Woman Who Left")* (2016) - *[Sleep Has Her House](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_Has_Her_House "Sleep Has Her House")* (2017) [^19] [^20] - *[Vitalina Varela](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalina_Varela "Vitalina Varela")* (2019) - *[Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_\(2020_film\) "Days (2020 film)")* (2020) - *[Memoria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memoria_\(2021_film\) "Memoria (2021 film)")* (2021) - *[Pacifiction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacifiction "Pacifiction")* (2022) Sources:[^5] [^1] [^6] [^12] [^13] [^21] [^22] [^23] ## Reception *[Sight & Sound](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_%26_Sound "Sight & Sound")* noted of the definition of slow cinema that "The length of a shot, on which much of the debate revolves, is a quite abstract measure if divorced from what takes place within it".[^7] *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")* contrasted the long takes of the genre with the two-second average shot length in Hollywood action movies, and noted that "they opt for ambient noises or field recordings rather than bombastic sound design, embrace subdued visual schemes that require the viewer's eye to do more work, and evoke a sense of mystery that springs from the landscapes and local customs they depict more than it does from generic convention." [^1] The genre has been described as an "act of organized resistance" similar to the [Slow food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_food "Slow food") movement.[^3] ### Criticism Slow cinema has been criticized as indifferent or even hostile to audiences.[^1] A backlash by *Sight & Sound* 's Nick James, and picked up by online writers, argued that early uses of long takes were "adventurous provocations created by extremists", whereas recent films are "operating within a recognized, default artistic idiom." [^24] *The Guardian'* s film blog concluded that "being less overweeningly precious about films that are likely to be impenetrable to even the most well-informed audiences would seem an idea." [^25] Dan Fox of *[Frieze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze_\(magazine\) "Frieze (magazine)")* criticized both the dichotomy of the argument into "philistine" vs "pretentious" and the reductiveness of the term "slow cinema".[^26] The American director [Paul Schrader](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schrader "Paul Schrader") wrote about slow cinema in his 1972 book *Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer*, and called it an aesthetic tool. He argues that most viewers find slow cinema boring,[^27] but that a "slow film director keeps his viewer on the hook, thinking there's a reward, a payoff just around the corner." [^27] Recently, film scholars Katherine Fusco and Nicole Seymour have written that the slow cinema movement's supporters and detractors have both mischaracterized it. As they argue, much "commentary posits slow cinema as a kind of pastoral for the present moment, a respite from our technologically saturated... Hollywood-blockbuster-centered era." Such commentary therefore associates the movement with pleasure and relaxation. But in reality, slow cinema films often focus on down-and-out laborers; as Fusco and Seymour argue, "for those on the fringes of society, modernity is actually experienced as slowness, and usually to their great detriment." [^28] ## See also - [Dogme 95](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogme_95 "Dogme 95") - [List of longest films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest_films "List of longest films") - [Slow food](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_food "Slow food") and the [Slow movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_movement_\(culture\) "Slow movement (culture)") - [Art film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_film "Art film") - [Slow cutting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_cutting "Slow cutting") - [Slow television](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_television "Slow television") - [Structural film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_film "Structural film") - [Extreme cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_cinema "Extreme cinema") - [Still image film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_image_film "Still image film") - [Non-narrative film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-narrative_film "Non-narrative film") - [Experimental film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film "Experimental film") - [Shutter speed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed "Shutter speed") - [American Eccentric Cinema](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Eccentric_Cinema "American Eccentric Cinema") - [Minimalist film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalist_film "Minimalist film") - [Modernist film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist_film "Modernist film") - [Postmodernist film](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist_film "Postmodernist film") - [Working class culture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_class_culture "Working class culture") - [List of American independent films](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films "List of American independent films") ## References [^1]: Sandhu, Sukhdev (2012-03-09). ["'Slow cinema' fights back against Bourne's supremacy"](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/mar/09/slow-cinema-fights-bournes-supremacy). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^2]: Rose, Steve (2012-04-26). ["Two Years At Sea: little happens, nothing is explained"](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/apr/26/two-years-at-sea-little-happens). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^3]: Røssaak, Eivind (2011). "Stop/Motion". [*Between Stillness and Motion: Film, Photography, Algorithms*](https://books.google.com/books/about/Between_Stillness_and_Motion.html?id=_KMM1CBD_CEC&source=kp_book_description). Amsterdam University Press. p. 117. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-90-8964-213-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-213-4 "Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-213-4"). [^4]: James, Nick (February 2010). ["Syndromes of a new century"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120802234411/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49591). *Sight & Sound*. Vol. 20, no. 2. Archived from [the original](http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49591) on August 2, 2012. [^5]: . *The Seventh Art*. April 10, 2011. Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^6]: ["Theo Angelopoulos: the sweep of history"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120423123118/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49816). *Sight & Sound*. Vol. 22, no. 2. February 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49816) on April 23, 2012. [^7]: Miller, Henry K. (March 2012). ["Doing time: 'slow cinema' at the AV Festival"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120404003004/http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/newsandviews/festivals/av-festival-2012.php). *Sight & Sound*. Archived from [the original](http://www.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/newsandviews/festivals/av-festival-2012.php) on 2012-04-04. [^8]: Clift, Tom (August 2012). ["Experimental Expression"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140416182421/http://www.filmink.com.au/news/experimental-expression-/). *Filmink Magazine*. Archived from [the original](http://www.filmink.com.au/news/experimental-expression-/) on 2014-04-16. [^9]: Srikanth, Srinivasan (2013-10-12). ["Outtakes: G. Aravindan"](https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/outtakes-g-aravindan/article5228640.ece). *The Hindu*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0971-751X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X). Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^10]: Vasudevan, Sasikumar (21 August 2018). ["Aravindan – A Scriptless Creative Film Director"](http://www.sahapedia.org/aravindan-%E2%80%93-scriptless-creative-film-director). *Sahapedia*. Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^11]: ["AV Festival 12: As Slow As Possible"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150706105752/http://www.avfestival.co.uk/programme/2012?category=slow-cinema-weekend). *AV Festival*. March 2012. Archived from [the original](http://www.avfestival.co.uk/programme/2012?category=slow-cinema-weekend) on 2015-07-06. Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^12]: Smith, Nigel M (2017-03-01). ["Kelly Reichardt: 'Faster, faster, faster – we all want things faster'"](https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/mar/01/kelly-reichardt-certain-women-director-michelle-williams-kristen-stewart-slow-cinema-maile-meloy). *[The Guardian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian "The Guardian")*. [^13]: Tiago de Luca, Tiago; Nuno Barradas Jorge, eds. (2016). *Slow Cinema*. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780748696048](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748696048 "Special:BookSources/9780748696048"). [^14]: ["Sleep Has Her House – Scott Barley (2017)"](https://theartsofslowcinema.com/2017/02/01/sleep-has-her-house-scott-barley-2017/). *The Art of (Slow) Cinema*. February 2017. [^15]: [Screams from the Sky: Taking the Scenic Route with The Psychotronic Man – Art & Trash](https://www.artandtrash.ca/episodes/screams-from-the-sky) [^16]: Nick James. [Syndromes of a new century](https://web.archive.org/web/20120802234411/http://old.bfi.org.uk/sightandsound/feature/49591). *Sight & Sound*, February 2010 [^17]: ["10 great slow films"](https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/10-great-slow-films). *BFI*. October 2020. Retrieved 2022-02-19. [^18]: [20 Slow Films From This Century That Reward Patience — Taste of Cinema](http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-slow-films-from-this-century-that-reward-patience/) [^19]: ["Sleep Has Her House | Eye Filmmuseum"](https://www.eyefilm.nl/en/whats-on/sleep-has-her-house/707970). [^20]: ["Sleep Has Her House – Scott Barley (2017)"](https://theartsofslowcinema.com/2017/02/01/sleep-has-her-house-scott-barley-2017). February 2017. [^21]: Russell, Andrew (April 29, 2019). ["Slow cinema: what it is and why it's on a fast track to the mainstream in a frenetic world"](https://theconversation.com/slow-cinema-what-it-is-and-why-its-on-a-fast-track-to-the-mainstream-in-a-frenetic-world-114769). *The Conversation*. [^22]: ["Hu Bo's An Elephant Sitting Still, Tarkovsky's Stalker, The Godfather, and the concept of slow cinema"](https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hu-bos-an-elephant-sitting-still-tarkovskys-stalker-the-godfather-and-the-concept-of-slow-cinema-5763511.html). *Firstpost*. 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2022-02-19. [^23]: ["Sleep Has Her House – Scott Barley (2017)"](https://theartsofslowcinema.com/2017/02/01/sleep-has-her-house-scott-barley-2017/). *The Arts of (Slow) Cinema*. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2025-07-09. [^24]: Rizov, Vadim (May 12, 2010). ["Slow cinema backlash"](https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064518/http://www.ifc.com/fix/2010/05/slow-cinema-backlash). *IFC*. Archived from [the original](http://www.ifc.com/fix/2010/05/slow-cinema-backlash) on 2018-12-14. Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^25]: Leigh, Danny (2010-05-21). ["The view: Is it OK to be a film philistine?"](https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2010/may/21/film-philistine). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_\(identifier\) "ISSN (identifier)") [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^26]: Fox, Dan (23 May 2010). ["Slow, Fast, and Inbetween | Blog | Frieze Publishing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150406023659/http://blog.frieze.com/slow_fast_and_inbetween/). *blog.frieze.com*. Archived from [the original](http://blog.frieze.com/slow_fast_and_inbetween/) on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2025-11-06. [^27]: Schrader, Paul (2018). *Transcendental Style in Film: Ozu, Bresson, Dreyer*. Oakland, California: [University of California Press](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Press "University of California Press"). pp. 19– 20. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [9780520296817](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520296817 "Special:BookSources/9780520296817"). [^28]: Fusco, Katherine; Seymour, Nicole (2017-11-30). [*Kelly Reichardt*](https://books.google.com/books?id=IB3utAEACAAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions_r&cad=2). University of Illinois Press. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_\(identifier\) "ISBN (identifier)") [978-0-252-04124-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04124-2 "Special:BookSources/978-0-252-04124-2").